Dogs of different breeds can range remarkably in size, shape, and behaviour, and yet they all carry essentially the same genome, making them a particularly fascinating model for genome plasticity. The recent release of the complete sequence of the dog genome provides an exciting new context in which to consider such variation. Twenty-five chapters written by experts in the field include various aspects of morphological and behavioural variation in dogs, their origins and domestication, and their unique value as a model system for many common, but complex human diseases, such as diabetes and cancer.