Updated to reflect continuous development in this emerging area, this new edition, as with the original, reaches across disciplines to review a variety of noninvasive optical techniques used to study activity in the living brain. Leading authorities from such diverse areas as optical hardware, cognitive behavior, and neuroscience present a host of perspectives that range from a single neuron to large assemblies of neurons several million strong, captured at various temporal and spatial resolutions. Introducing techniques that were not available just a few years ago, the book decribes their theory, setup, analytical methods, and examples that highlight the advantages of each particular method.